Analysis of Five-Extraction Technologies’ Environmental Impact on the Polyphenols Production from Moringa oleifera Leaves Using the Life Cycle Assessment Tool Based on ISO 14040

The present study examines, compares, and documents the environmental impact of five extraction techniques through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). material used was Moringa oleifera freeze-dried leaves assessment based on their polyphenol content Three out examined are referred to in literature as “green” techniques, namely Pulsed Electric Field (PEF), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Ultrasound-Assisted (UAE). other two were conventional and, specifically, boiling water maceration; latter served a control this study. analysis utilized special software (SimaPro ecoinvent) for “cradle gate” LCA, along with sensitivity model examining variation origin source electricity (renewable sources such photovoltaic arcs), aiming highlight optimal technology choice. This LCA study’s Functional Unit (FU) one gram (g) extracted total polyphenols (dry) produced by case-specific number cycles each under (considering technical efficiency depicted yields), measured Folin–Ciocalteu method expressed mg Gallic Acid Equivalents per g dry leaves. outcome indicates that PEF MAE deliver best scores. main contributing parameters amount make 1 FU. These dominant categories freshwater ecotoxicity, marine human carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic. better performance these is due more efficient reduced consumption, which can become even environmentally friendly if replaced renewable arcs.